/fallacy
| Fallacy | Translation | Definition | Symbolic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Post hoc ergo propter hoc | After this, therefore because of this | Confuses temporal succession with causation. | ↗ |
| Cum hoc ergo propter hoc | With this, therefore because of this | The classic correlation vs. causation. | ↗ |
| Ignoratio elenchi | Ignorance of refutation | Proves or disproves an irrelevant matter, rather than addressing the argument. | ↗ |
| Petitio principii | Begging the question | Assumes what is attempting to be proven. | ↗ |
| Argumentum ad hominem | Argument to the person | Attacks the one making an argument, rather than addressing it. | ↗ |
| Argumentum ad ignorantiam | Argument from ignorance | Asserts a proposition true, if it is not yet disproven (or vice versa). | ↗ |
| Argumentum ad verecundiam | Argument to reverence | Relies on the opinion of an authority, avoiding presentation of any reason. | ↗ |
| Argumentum ad populum | Argument to the people | Claims truth or good of something out of its popularity alone. | ↗ |
| Argumentum ad baculum | Argument to the stick | Appeals to force or threat, rather than reason. | ↗ |
| Argumentum ad misericordiam | Argument to pity | Appeals to pity or compassion, rather than relevance. | ↗ |
| Tu quoque | You too | Discredits an argument out of the relevant hypocrisy of the one presenting it. | ↗ |
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